![]() The ard remained easy to replace if it became damaged and easy to replicate. A terracotta model of the early ards was found at Banawali, India, giving insight into the form of the tool used. A ploughed field, from c.2800 BCE, was also discovered at Kalibangan, India. The earliest surviving evidence of ploughing has been dated to 3500–3800 BCE, on a site in Bubeneč, Czech Republic. However, domestication of oxen in Mesopotamia and the Indus valley civilization, perhaps as early as the 6th millennium BC, provided mankind with the draft power needed to develop the larger, animal-drawn true ard (or scratch plough). Some ancient hoes, like the Egyptian mr, were pointed and strong enough to clear rocky soil and make seed drills, which is why they are called hand-ards. The basic parts of the modern plough are: Finally, Vladimir Orel (2003) tentatively attaches plough to a PIE stem * blōkó-, which supposedly gave Old Armenian peɫem "to dig" and Welsh bwlch "crack", though the word may not be of Indo-European origin. Dutch plag 'sod', Old Norse plagg 'cloth', Middle High German pflacke 'rag, patch, stain'). Guus Kroonen (2013) proposes a vṛddhi-derivative of * plag/kkōn 'sod' (cf. German pflegen 'to look after, nurse'), which would explain, for example, Old High German pfluog with its double meaning of 'plough' and 'livelihood'. Many view plough as a derivative of the verb * plehan ~ * plegan 'to take responsibility' (cf. The word must have originally referred to the wheeled heavy plough, common in Roman north-western Europe by the 5th century AD. 18, 172), and in Latin plaustrum "farm cart", plōstrum, plōstellum "cart", and plōxenum, plōximum "cart box". Words with the same root appeared with related meanings: in Raetic plaumorati "wheeled heavy plough" ( Pliny, Nat. In many Slavic languages and in Romanian the word is "plug". The German cognate is "Pflug", the Dutch "ploeg" and the Swedish "plog". ![]() The modern word comes from the Old Norse plógr, and is therefore Germanic, but it appears relatively late (it is not attested in Gothic), and is thought to be a loan from one of the north Italic languages. Old English sulh (modern dialectal sullow), Old High German medela, geiza, huohilī(n), Old Norse arðr ( Swedish årder), and Gothic hōha, all presumably referring to the ard (scratch plough). In older English, as in other Germanic languages, the plough was traditionally known by other names, e.g.
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